Induction of meiotic gynogenesis in bagrid catfish (Pseudobagrus ussuriensis) with homologous sperm and its confirmation for female homogamety

The bagrid catfish, Pseudobagrus ussuriensis, exhibits significant sexual dimorphism in growth rate and body size with males growing faster than females. Therefore, an all‐male culture can dramatically increase the output and profitability of fishery products. According to the monosex breeding route, super‐male individuals’ acquirement by XY male sex reversal and artificial gynogenesis is the key step. An effective protocol to induce meiotic gynogenesis using homologous sperms has been developed in this study. The most effective UV irradiation for sperm genetic inactivation was found to be at a distance of 20 cm with 66 μW/cm² light intensity for 25 min. Optimal treatment for cold shock was 5 min post‐fertilization at 0‐4°C for 30 min, which gave the best survival rate of 13.65 ± 2.87%. The sex ratio in the meiotic gynogens showed a significant female‐biased deviation (p < .05); thirty meiogynogens and their parents were further analysed using a male‐specific AFLP marker, of which only the male parent produced a male‐specific DNA band of 412 bp. These results indicated the female homogametic XX/XY sex determination system in P. ussuriensis. The optimization of a protocol for the successful induction of meiogynogenesis in the bagrid catfish lays the basis for all‐male production and is useful in ascertaining the genetic sex determination system in this promising aquaculture species.     

人工饲养条件下喜马拉雅旱獭血脂和血液流变学指标测定

测定人工饲养条件下喜马拉雅旱獭血脂及血液流变学指标,并对雌雄个体间及与野生状态下喜马拉雅旱獭相关指标进行比较。结果表明:人工饲养喜马拉雅旱獭雌、雄性个体全血黏度(ηa)、全血还原黏度(ηn)、红细胞压积(HCT)、红细胞刚性指数(IR)及血沉方程K值(KESR)差异均不显著(P0.05);野生状态与人工饲养条件下的旱獭血液流变学和血脂水平比较显示,野生成体旱獭血浆黏度(ηp)、红细胞沉降率(ESR)、全血还原黏度(ηn)、红细胞电泳指数(ES)、胆固醇水平(CHOL)、甘油三酯(TG)水平均显著高于人工条件下驯养旱獭的指标(p0.01)。以上数据的获得将为喜马拉雅旱獭作为实验动物进行应用开发提供基础资料。     

江西金盆山林区米槠生长过程与幼林生长效应

进行样地调查与树干解析,以研究米槠生长过程。采用米槠容器苗和裸根苗造林,比较造林保存率、胸径、树高、冠幅、变异系数等指标,以了解两种苗木的幼林生长效应,并比较天然林与人工林米槠的早期生长。研究表明,米槠在10-20 a,树高、胸径生长较快;14-30 a,材积生长较快;树龄33 a时,尚未达到数量成熟阶段。米槠容器苗造林的保存率、胸径、树高值均大于裸根苗,其中保存率比裸根苗高9.5%,胸径值大11.3%,树高值大4.6%。比较人工林和天然林的早期生长,人工林树高和胸径值均大于天然林。米槠容器苗造林,可以促进米槠生长,取得较好的造林效果。     

人工增雨(雪)所用催化剂对环境和人体健康的影响

通过对人工影响天气所用催化剂种类、作用原理的系统分析,得出其对环境和人体健康不会造成危害的结论。     

The use of infrared spectroscopy and machine learning tools for detection of Meloidogyne infestations

Plant parasitic nematodes are generally soilborne pathogens that attack plants and cause economic losses in many crops. The infested plants show nonspecific symptoms or, often, are symptomless; therefore, diagnosis is performed by taking soil and root tissue samples. Here, we show that a combination of different infrared spectra analysis and machine learning algorithms can be used to detect plant parasitic nematode infestations before symptoms become visible, using leaves instead of roots and soil as samples. We found that tomato and guava plants infested with Meloidogyne enterorlobii produced different spectral patterns compared to uninfested plants. Using partial spectra from 1,450 to 900/cm as the "fingerprint region", principal component analyses indicated that after 5 (tomatoes) or 8 weeks (guava), plants with no visible symptoms of infestations were positively diagnosed. To improve the early detection response, we used machine learning modelling. A support vector machine (SVM) was used to obtain more robust, accurate models. The SVM model contained 34 support vectors, 17 for each level. The overall performance of the model was >97% and the total accuracy was significantly higher, demonstrating the absence of chance prediction. The best prediction of infestation was obtained at the second and fourth weeks for tomatoes and guavas, respectively, reducing the diagnostic time by half. The combined application of these techniques reduces the processing time from field to laboratory and shows enormous advantages by avoiding root and soil sampling.     

Challenges facing arthropod biological control: identifying traits for genetic improvement of predators in protected crops

Biological control is an efficient pest control method but there are still limitations that are hindering its wider adoption. Genetic improvement of biological control agents (BCAs) can help to overcome these constraints, but the choice of key attributes for better performance that need to be selected is still an open question. Several characteristics have been suggested but the harsh reality is that selective breeding of BCAs has received a lot of attention but resulted in very little progress. Identifying the appropriate traits to be prioritized may be the first step to reverse this situation. In our opinion, the best way is to look at the factors limiting the performance of key BCAs, especially generalist predators (pesticide compatibility, prey‐density dependence, non‐suitable crops, and extreme environmental conditions), and according to these challenges, to choose the attributes that would allow BCAs to overcome those limitations. The benefits of selection for higher resistance to toxins, whether artificially applied (pesticides) or plant produced (plant defenses); increased fitness when feeding on non‐prey food (supplemented or plant‐derived); and better adaptation to extreme temperature and humidity are discussed. In conclusion, genetic improvement of BCAs can bring about new opportunities to biocontrol industry and users to enhance biocontrol resilience. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

金耳有效原种的配方和品种筛选

将生产中用到的两个金耳品种作为研究对象,将不同配方培养基中的菌丝、子实体生长状况进行对比,挑选出更适宜大规模生产的金耳品种,并探究麦麸在金耳有效原种制备中的必要性。研究结果显示,金耳1号菌丝较金耳2号更粗壮,长势更好,菌丝满瓶速度更快,子实体形态更好,更适合作为大规模生产的品种进行推广,且添加麦麸的配方更适合金耳1号原种生长。     

人工智能在农业上的应用分析

农业供给侧结构性改革是实现乡村振兴的必然途径。特别是在农业现代化发展的过程中， 人工智能应用到其中对于增强农业整体发展效果作用明显。本文将人工智能在农业上的应用作为研 究对象，概述了人工智能在农业上的应用，并从产前阶段、产中阶段、产后阶段等三个阶段对人工智能 在农业上的具体应用进行了研究。     

基于热致液晶弹性体的仿生心脏泵的设计

为设计一款仿生心脏功能较佳的心室泵,采用柔性、热致伸缩的热致形变弹性体代替心肌,根据螺旋心室心肌带理论,选择心肌带的左心室段,并选取了Hilbert平面填充曲线作为热致导体在热致形变弹性体中的走行方式,设计出与真实心脏类似的心室泵结构.通过试验测量了所设计的心室泵的射血分数与心率,结果显示该心室泵的搏出量高于自然心脏,而其心率远低于自然心脏.相对于机械泵,所设计的心室泵结构与真实心脏类似,具有收缩能力强,射血分数高的优点,且不易破坏血细胞,生物相容性较好.不足之处在于,热致动液晶弹性体变形响应慢,暂时还未能达到正常心脏的心率.论证了构建双稳态结构,提高仿生心室泵效率的可能性,以及对于心肌纤维走向较为复杂的其他心肌带段,双轴拉伸机械雕刻对其仿生的可能性.此研究可为容积心脏泵的研发提供新的思路,也可以对右心衰竭等心脏疾病起到辅助治疗的作用.